AFFIXES

Kinds of Affixes

A. Prefixes
1. Prefixes That Mean “A Number”
No Kinds of Prefixes Meaning Examples
1 Demi- Half Demitasse
2 Hemi- Half Hemisphere
3 Semi- Half Semicircle
4 Uni- One Unicorn, Unit, Universe
5 Mon-, Mono- One Monarch, Monorail
6 Prim- First Primary
7 Du-, Bi-, Di- Two Dual, Binoculars, Dichotomy
8 Tri- Three Triangle, Trillion
9 Tetra- Four Tetrameter
10 Quad-, Quat- Four Quadrant, Quatrain
11 Penta-, Quint- Five Pentagon, Quintuplet
12 Hexa-, Sext- Six Sextet, Hexagon
13 Sept-, Hept- Seven September, Heptagon
14 Octa- Eight Octagon
15 Nona- Nine Nonagenarian
16 Dec-, Deci- Ten Decade, Decimal
17 Cent-, Hect- Hundred Century, Hectogram
18 Milli-, Kilo- Thousand Millimeter, Kilogram
19 Mega- Large Megaphone
20 Giga- Billion Gigabyte
21 Tera- Trillion Tetrameter
22 Micro-, Mini- Small Microscope, Minor
23 Nano- Billionth Nanosecond
24 Pico- Trillionth Picoseconds
25 Hypo- Too Little Hypoactive
26 Macro-, magni-, Maxi- Great Macrocosm, magnify, maximize
27 Multi-, Poly- Many Polytechnic, Multiple
28 Super- More Than Superfine
29 Ultra- Beyond Ultramodern
30 Under- Less Than Underage

2. Prefixes That Mean “Not”
No Kinds of Prefixes Meaning Examples
1 An-, a- Without, not Atypical, Anarchy
2 Anti- Against Antiwar
3 Contra-, Counter- Against, Opposite Contradict
4 Il-, im- Not Illegal, Immature
5 in-, ir- Not Inactive, Irregular
6 di-, dis-, dif- Not, Apart Divert, Different, Disorganize
7 De- Opposite, Away Deactivate, Descend
8 Mal- Poorly, Wrongly Malnourished
9 Mis- Wrongly Misdiagnose
10 Ne-, Neg-, Non- Not Never, Negative, Nonfictions

3. Relations Prefixes
No Kinds of Prefixes Meaning Examples
1 Ambi- Double, Two Ambiguous
2 Pre-, Fore-, Ante- Before Prerequisite, Forecast, Antecedent
3 Post- After Postwar
4 Inter- Between Imitational
5 Trans- Across Transplant
6 Intra-, Intro- Inside Extracurricular, Introspections
7 Sur- Over, Beyond Surface
8 Sub- Under Submarine
9 Peri- Around Perimeter
10 Sym-, Syn- Together Symbiosis, Synchronize
11 Co-, Con-, Com-, Cor- Together Copilot, Concord, Communicate, Correlate
12 Ex-, Extra-, Ultra- Out of, Beyond Extract, Extraordinary, Ultraviolet
13 Proto- First, Original Protoplasm

4. Prefixes That Mean “Where”
No Kinds of Prefixes Meaning Examples
1 A- On Ashore
2 Ab- From Abnormal
3 Ac-, ad-, Af-, Ag-, An-, As- To Acquire, Adhere, Affirm, Aggravate, Announce, Ascend
4 By- Near, Side Bypass, Bystander
5 Circu-, Peri- Around Circulate, Perimeter
6 De- From, Down Debate, Decay
7 Dia- Through, Across Diagnose, Diagonal
8 e- Out, Away Effort, Eject
9 En-, Em- In Embrace, Enclose
10 Enter- Among, Between Enterprise
11 Epi- Upon Epicenter
12 Ex- Out Exceed
13 Extra- Outside Extracurricular
14 Hypo- Under Hypothesis
15 Im-, In Into Immerse, Incision
16 Inter- Among, Between Interrupt
17 Intra- Within Intramural
18 Intro Inside Introvert
19 Mid- Middle Midyear
20 Sub- Under Submerge

5. Prefixes That Mean “When”
No Kinds of Prefixes Meaning Examples
1 After- After Afternoon
2 Ante- Before Antecedent
3 Epi- After Epilogue
4 Post- After Postscript
5 Pre- Before Preamble
6 Pro- Before Prologue

6. Prefixes That Mean “Together and Apart”
No Kinds of Prefixes Meaning Examples
1 Ab-, A-, Abs- Away, From Abduct, Absent, Apart
2 Co-, Syl-, Sym-, Syn- Together Coauthor, Syllabus, Symmetry, Synchronize
3 Col-, Com-, Con- With Colleague, Combine, Concur
4 Dys- Bad Dysfunctional
5 Ex-, Ec- Out, From Expel, Execute

B. Suffixes
1. Noun Suffixes
No Kinds of Suffixes Meaning Examples
1 -tion • Act of…
• State of… Celebration, Regulation
2 -sion • Act of…
• State of… Impression; Television
3 -ment • Act of…
• State of…
• Result of… Contentment, Government, Punishment
4 -ness • State of… Toughness, Weakness
5 -ity • Condition of…
• Quality of… Capability, Flexibility
6 -ence, - ance • Act of…
• State of… Assistance, Difference
7 -dom • State or condition
• Domain, position Kingdom, Freedom, Wisdom
8 -er, -or • One who…
• That which… Educator, Fighter
9 -ist • One who…
• That which… Violinist, Pianist, Dentist
10 -ism • Doctrine of… Marxism, Naturalism
11 -ship • State of being Friendship, Leadership
12 -hood • State of being Childhood, Motherhood
13 -ing • Act of… Jogging, Smoking



2. Verb Suffixes
No Kinds of Suffixes Meaning Examples
1 -fy, -ify • To cause…
• To become…
• To make… Simplify, Beautify, Solidify
2 -ise, -ize • To make… Publicize, Analyze
3 -ate • To have…
• Be characterized by… Activate, Differentiate
4 -en • To make… Brighten, Soften

3. Adjective Suffixes
No Kinds of Suffixes Meaning Examples
1 -ive • Tending toward doing some action Extensive, Selective
2 -en • Made of… Wooden, Golden
3 -ic • Characteristic of…
• Like… Heroic, Poetic
4 -al • Relating to… Financial, Manual
5 -able • Able…
• Can…
• Giving… Portable, Pleasurable
6 -y • Having… Hairy, Rainy

VOCABULARY BUILDING

Complete each sentence with words from the chart in Exercise A. Use the same word for both blanks of each item, and write the part of speech (N) for noun or (V) for verb in the parentheses after each blank.
1. What causes (V) air pollution? One cause (N) is traffic.
2. Some people avoid subways because of the big crowds (N) of people who crowd (V) onto the trains of the mass-transit system twice a day.
3. Can we solve the problem of overcrowding? No one can answer (V) this question. We don’t have the answer (N).
4. In some cities, people without houses (N) may have to sleep in the streets. It is difficult to house (V) all the people who need apartments.
5. The cost of housing doesn’t go down; it increases (V) every year. Often old people with little money have to move because of the increase (N).
6. A recent study (N) has shown that indoor air pollution is a growing problem. Experts are studying (V) the situation and trying to find solutions.
7. People who live in big cities often worried (V) about crime. Worry (N) can cause illness.
8. The dream (N) of some people is to move to a quiet rural area. Other people dream (V) of moving to a city.

Complete each sentence with the missing words from the chart above. Use forms of the base word (the words to the left of each section), and write the part of speech (N) for noun , (V) for verb, (Adj) for adjective and (adv) for adverb in the parentheses after each blank.
1. Solve: They are trying to find a solution (N) to the problem of overcrowding, but this is a difficult problem to solve (V).
2. Pollute: Most people know about air pollution (N) in big cities, but they’re just beginning to learn about the many pollutions (N) that we have inside buildings.
3. Crowd: There are crowds (N) of people everywhere; the mass transit system is especially crowded (Adj).
4. Safe : The city is not safe (Adj) because of crime. People can’t leave their homes safely (Adv) at night, and the police don’t provide for their safety (N).
5. Live, suburb : Many people prefer to live (V) in the suburbs (N); they say that suburb (Adj) life (N) is more pleasant than city living.
6. Predict , worse : Some people predict (V) that urban life will get worse (Adj); according to their predictions (N), conditions will be worse (Adj) every year.
7. Differ : The causes of indoor air pollution are different (Adj) from area to area. One reason for the difference (N) is that people heat their homes differently (Adv). People in some areas burn wood for heat; in other areas they use something different (Adj).

A. Find this words in your dictionary. Write the part of speech on the lines before each word, (N) for noun , (V) for verb, (Adj) for adjective and (adv) for adverb. Some words, in different contexts, can be more than one part of speech.

1. Adj terrible
2. N; V discipline
3. N; V value
4. Adj; NOriginal
5. Adj Pleasant
6. N; V Water
7. N;Adj Expert
8. V Commute
9. N;V Farm
10. N Smog
11. N;V Air
12. V;N Produce
13. Adj Enormous
14. N Mystery
15. Adj; N individual


B. Complete the chart. Write the appropriate related words under each heading. (X means that no word of that part of speech exists.)
Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
Surprise Surprise Surprising
Surprised Surprisingly
Exactness Exact Exact Exactly
Education
Educator Educate Educational
Educative Educationally
Believer Believe Believable X
Formality Formalize Formal Formally
Origin Originate Original Originally
Preparation Prepare Prepared X
Consideration Consider Considerate Considerately
Survival
Survivor Survive Surviving X

DERIVATION MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

1. “ Derivation may effect the change in the word class”

→ Derivation may effect the change in the word class because in derivational process there is a way in which lexemes are related to one another (or in which one lexemes is derived from another) through processes such as affixation.

Examples: The verb lexeme EDUCATE is derivationally related to the nouns EDUCATION and EDUCATOR.

2. Zero Derivation

→ Zero derivation is the derivation of one lexeme from another by means of phonologically empty, or zero affix. It changes the function of the word without changes its form.

Conversion

→ Conversion is the derivation of one lexeme from another which changes the word class, but without change the word shape.

♥ Zero derivation and conversion are the same because each of these don’t change the word shape but change the word class.

Examples:

§ The verb CLEAN from the adjective CLEAN

§ The verb FATHER from the noun FATHER

3. Derivation creates:

a. Adverbs derived from adjectives

Adverbs are usually made from adjectives, by adding -LY. However, there are some exceptions.

Examples:

1) By adding -ly

Adjectives	Suffix	Adverb
Beautiful	-ly	Beautifully
Bad	-ly	Badly
Perfect	-ly	Perfectly

2) Some exceptions

Adjectives	Adverb
Good	Well
Early	Early
Fast	Fast

b. Nouns derived from nouns

This derivational process doesn’t change the word class. Nouns can be formed by nouns with yield nouns with meaning such as ‘small X’, ‘female X’, ‘inhabitant of X’, ‘state of being X’, and ‘devotee of or expert on X’.

Examples:

§ ‘small X’ : -let; -ette; -ie

Droplet; cigarette; doggie; booklet

§ ‘female X’ : -ess; -ine

Waitress; princess; heroine

§ ‘ inhabitant of X’ : -er; -(i)an

Londoner; New Yorker; Indonesian

§ ‘state of being X’ : -ship; -hood

Childhood; motherhood; friendship

§ ‘devotee of or expert on X’ : -ist; -ian

Pianist; musician; librarian

c. Nouns derived from members of other word classes

1) Nouns derived from verb

We can form nouns from verbs with suffixes. Basically, these suffixes have the same function for forming abstract noun and meaning ‘activity or result of Xing’.

Examples:

§ -ance; -ence : performance; reference

§ -ment : assignment; agreement; development

§ -ing : reading; writing; brushing

§ -ion : commission; organization; confusion

§ -al : arrival; refusal; referral

§ -er : printer; seller; teacher

2) Nouns derived from adjectives

We can use suffixes to form nouns from adjectives. These suffixes mean basically ‘property of being X’, where X is the base adjectives.

Examples:

§ -ity : purity; equality; stability; creativity

§ -ness : goodness; kindness; happiness; sadness

§ -ism : naturalism; radicalism; mutualism

3) Nouns derived from verbs with non-affixal ways of deriving abstract nouns.

Examples:

§ Conflict

as a verb, "I hope that won't conFLICT in any way."

as a noun, "There will be no CONflict."

§ Record

as a verb, "Remember to reCORD the show!".

as a noun, "I'll keep a RECord of that request."

§ Permit

as a verb, "I won't perMIT that."

as a noun, "We already got a PERmit."

d. Adjectives derived from adjectives

To form adjectives from adjectives we can use prefixes such as –un; -il; -ir; -in; -im that mean ‘not’ and suffixes –ish that means ‘somewhat X’.

1) Prefixes

§ un- : unhappy; unreadable; unhealthy

§ il- : illegal; illegible; illegitimate

§ ir- : irregular; irrational; irresponsible

§ in- : inedible; intangible; informal

§ im- : immature; impatient; immoral

2) Suffix

§ -ish : greenish; smallish; remotish

e. Adjectives derived from members of other word classes

1) Adjectives derived from verbs

a) Suffixes

Examples:

§ -ed : cleaned (more cleaned)

§ -ing : exciting (very exciting)

b) With their basic meaning

Examples:

§ -able : readable; understandable

§ -ent; -ant : repellent; conversant

§ -ive : explosive; speculative

2) Adjectives derived from nouns

We can use suffixes to form adjectives from nouns.

Examples:

§ -ful : joyful; hopeful; helpful; meaningful

§ -less : hopeless; meaningless; joyless

§ -al : original; normal; personal

§ -ish : boyish; childish; selfish

f. Verbs derived from verbs

1) With prefixes

Examples:

§ re- : repaint; replay

§ un- : untie; untangle

§ de- : decompose; desensitize

§ dis- : disbelieve; disagree

2) With change intransitive verb to transitive verb

Intransitive	Transitive
Fall	Fell
Lie	Lay
Rise	Raise

g. Verbs derived from members of other word classes

1) Verb derived from nouns

We can use suffixes and prefixes to form verbs from nouns.

Examples:

§ de- : debug; deforest; delouse

§ -ise : organize; tortoise

§ -ify : beautify; petrify

2) Verb derived by replacing final voiceless consonant of a noun with a voiced one.

Examples:

Nouns	Verbs
Bath	Bathe
Breath	Breathe
Wreath	Wreathe

3) Verbs derived from adjectives

We can use suffixes and prefixes to form verbs from adjectives.

Examples:

§ en- : enslave; enrage; enfeeble

§ -en : shorten; brighten

4. The basic difference between inflection and derivation is in inflection does not change the word class, in derivation often change the word class.

The differences between inflection and derivation can be seen in this table:

	Inflectional operations	Derivational operations
Lexical category	Do not change the lexical category of the word.	Often change the lexical category of the word
Location	Tend to occur outside derivational affixes.	Tend to occur next to the root
Type of meaning	Contribute syntactically conditioned information, such as number, gender, or aspect.	Contribute lexical meaning
Affixes used	Occur with all or most members of a class of stems.	Are restricted to some, but not all members of a class of stems
Productivity	May be used to coin new words of the same type.	May eventually lose their meaning and usually cannot be used to coin new terms
Grounding	Create forms that are fully-grounded and able to be integrated into discourse.	Create forms that are not necessarily fully grounded and may require inflectional operations before they can be integrated into discourse

KATA BAKU DAN TIDAK BAKU

Baku	Tidak Baku
apotek	apotik
atlet	atlit
atmosfer	atmosfir
aktif	aktip
aktivitas	aktifitas
arkeologi	arkheologi
akhir	ahir ; akir
akhlak	ahlak
advokat	adpokat
adjektif	ajektif
asas	azas
asasi	azasi
analisis	analisa
menganalisis	menganalisa
penganalisisan	penganalisaan
ambulans	ambulan
anggota	anggauta
beranggotakan	beranggautakan
keanggotaan	keanggautaan
balans	Balan
definisi	Difinisi
depot	Depo
diferensial	Differensial
ekspor	Eksport
ekstrover	Ekstrovert
ekuivalen	Ekwivalen
esai	Esei
formal	Formil
Februari	Pebruari
filologi	Philologi
fisik	Phisik
Foto	Photo
frekuensi	Frekwensi
film	Filem
hakikat	Hakekat
Hierarki	Hirarki
Hipotesis	Hipotesa
intensif	Intensip
insaf	Insyaf
ikhlas	Ihlas
ikhtiar	Ihtiar
impor	Import
intriver	Introvert
istri	Isteri
iktikad	Itikad
ijazah	Hijaza
izin	Ijin
Ilustrasi	Illustrasi
jenderal	Jendral
jadwal	Jadual
komedi	Komidi
konkret	Konkrit
karier	Karir
kaidah	Kaedah
khotbah	Khutbah
Berkhotbah	Berkhutbah
konsepsional	Konsepsionil
konferensi	Konperensi
kreativitas	Kreatifitas
kongres	Konggres
kompleks	Komplek
katalitas	Katalisa
kuantum	Kwantum
konsekuensi	Konsekuwensi
kualifikasi	Kwalifikasi
kualitas	Kwalitas
kuarsa	Kwarsa
kuitansi	Kwitansi
kuorum	Kworum
kuota	Kwota
konfrontasi	Konfrontir
dikonfrontasi	Dikonfrontir
konsinyasi	Konsinyir
dikonsinyasi	Dikonsinyir
koordinasi	koodinir, kordinir
dikoordinasi	Dikoordinir
kategori	Katagori
dikategorikan	Dikatagorikan
kelas	Klas
klasifikasi	Kelasifikasi
linguistik	Lingguistik
lazim	Lajim
likuidasi	Likwidasi
metode	Metoda
motif	Motip
motivasi	Motifasi
masyarakat	Masarakat
mantra	Mantera
manajemen	Managemen
manajer	Manager
Massa	masa (orang banyak)
masalah	Masaalah
masal	Massal
misi	Missi
November	Nopember
nasihat	Nasehat
penasihat	Penasehat
nasionalisasi	Nasionalisir
dinasionalisasikan	Dinasionalisir
operasional	Operasionil
objek	Obyek
ons	On
organisasi	Organisir
problem	Problem
problematik	Problimatik
Positif	Positip
produktif	Produktip
produktivitas	Produktifitas
psikis	Psikhis
psikologi	Psikhologi
paspor	Pasport
putra	Putera
putri	Puteri
produksi	Produsir
memproduksi	Memprodusir
proklamasi	Praklamir
diproklamasikan	Diproklamirkan
profesi	Professi
keprofesian	Keprofessian
profesor	Professor
rasional	Rasionil
resistans	Resistan
rezeki	Rejeki
risiko	Resiko
sistem	Sistim
sistematika	Sistimatika
sistematis	Sistimatis
spesies	Spesis
sintetis	Sintesa
spiritual	Spirituil
subjek	Subyek
sintesis	sintesa ; sintese
syakwasangka	Sakwasangka
syukur	Sukur
mensyukuri	Mensukuri
sah	Syah
sahih	Syahih
saraf	Syaraf
sutera	Sutra
standar	Standard
survai	Survei
sukses	Sakses
teori	Tiori
teoretis	Teoritis
telegram	Tilgram
telepon	Telpon
tradisional	Tradisionil
tafsiran	Tapsiran
tarif	Tarip
teknik	Tehnik
teknisi	Tehnisi
teknologi	Tehnologi
teleks	Telek
tripleks	Triplek
terampil	Trampil
keterampilan	Ketrampilan
terap	Trap
penerapan	Penetrapan
transpor	Transport
transportasi	Transportir
teladan	Tauladan
keteladanan	Ketauladanan
diteladani	Ditauladani
tim	Team
terjemah	Terjamah
varietas	Varitas
wujud	Ujud
berwujud	Berujud
perwujudan	Perujudan
zaman	Jaman