MORPHOLOGY
- “ Derivation may effect the change in the word class”
→ Derivation may effect the change in the word class because in derivational process there is a way in which lexemes are related to one another (or in which one lexemes is derived from another) through processes such as affixation.
Examples: The verb lexeme EDUCATE is derivationally related to the nouns EDUCATION and EDUCATOR.
- Zero Derivation
→ Zero derivation is the derivation of one lexeme from another by means of phonologically empty, or zero affix. It changes the function of the word without changes its form.
Conversion
→ Conversion is the derivation of one lexeme from another which changes the word class, but without change the word shape.
♥ Zero derivation and conversion are the same because each of these don’t change the word shape but change the word class.
Examples:
§ The verb CLEAN from the adjective CLEAN
§ The verb FATHER from the noun FATHER
- Derivation creates:
a. Adverbs derived from adjectives
Adverbs are usually made from adjectives, by adding -LY. However, there are some exceptions.
Examples:
1) By adding -ly
| Adjectives | Suffix | Adverb |
| Beautiful | -ly | Beautifully |
| Bad | -ly | Badly |
| Perfect | -ly | Perfectly |
2) Some exceptions
| Adjectives | Adverb |
| Good | Well |
| Early | Early |
| Fast | Fast |
b. Nouns derived from nouns
This derivational process doesn’t change the word class. Nouns can be formed by nouns with yield nouns with meaning such as ‘small X’, ‘female X’, ‘inhabitant of X’, ‘state of being X’, and ‘devotee of or expert on X’.
Examples:
§ ‘small X’ : -let; -ette; -ie
Droplet; cigarette; doggie; booklet
§ ‘female X’ : -ess; -ine
Waitress; princess; heroine
§ ‘ inhabitant of X’ : -er; -(i)an
Londoner; New Yorker; Indonesian
§ ‘state of being X’ : -ship; -hood
Childhood; motherhood; friendship
§ ‘devotee of or expert on X’ : -ist; -ian
Pianist; musician; librarian
c. Nouns derived from members of other word classes
1) Nouns derived from verb
We can form nouns from verbs with suffixes. Basically, these suffixes have the same function for forming abstract noun and meaning ‘activity or result of Xing’.
Examples:
§ -ance; -ence : performance; reference
§ -ment : assignment; agreement; development
§ -ing : reading; writing; brushing
§ -ion : commission; organization; confusion
§ -al : arrival; refusal; referral
§ -er : printer; seller; teacher
2) Nouns derived from adjectives
We can use suffixes to form nouns from adjectives. These suffixes mean basically ‘property of being X’, where X is the base adjectives.
Examples:
§ -ity : purity; equality; stability; creativity
§ -ness : goodness; kindness; happiness; sadness
§ -ism : naturalism; radicalism; mutualism
3) Nouns derived from verbs with non-affixal ways of deriving abstract nouns.
Examples:
§ Conflict
as a verb, "I hope that won't conFLICT in any way."
as a noun, "There will be no CONflict."
§ Record
as a verb, "Remember to reCORD the show!".
as a noun, "I'll keep a RECord of that request."
§ Permit
as a verb, "I won't perMIT that."
as a noun, "We already got a PERmit."
d. Adjectives derived from adjectives
To form adjectives from adjectives we can use prefixes such as –un; -il; -ir; -in; -im that mean ‘not’ and suffixes –ish that means ‘somewhat X’.
1) Prefixes
§ un- : unhappy; unreadable; unhealthy
§
§ ir- : irregular; irrational; irresponsible
§ in- : inedible; intangible; informal
§ im- : immature; impatient; immoral
2) Suffix
§ -ish : greenish; smallish; remotish
e. Adjectives derived from members of other word classes
1) Adjectives derived from verbs
a) Suffixes
Examples:
§ -ed : cleaned (more cleaned)
§ -ing : exciting (very exciting)
b) With their basic meaning
Examples:
§ -able : readable; understandable
§ -ent; -ant : repellent; conversant
§ -ive : explosive; speculative
2) Adjectives derived from nouns
We can use suffixes to form adjectives from nouns.
Examples:
§ -ful : joyful; hopeful; helpful; meaningful
§ -less : hopeless; meaningless; joyless
§ -al : original; normal; personal
§ -ish : boyish; childish; selfish
f. Verbs derived from verbs
1) With prefixes
Examples:
§ re- : repaint; replay
§ un- : untie; untangle
§ de- : decompose; desensitize
§ dis- : disbelieve; disagree
2) With change intransitive verb to transitive verb
| Intransitive | Transitive |
| Fall | Fell |
| Lie | Lay |
| Rise | Raise |
g. Verbs derived from members of other word classes
1) Verb derived from nouns
We can use suffixes and prefixes to form verbs from nouns.
Examples:
§ de- : debug; deforest; delouse
§ -ise : organize; tortoise
§ -ify : beautify; petrify
2) Verb derived by replacing final voiceless consonant of a noun with a voiced one.
Examples:
| Nouns | Verbs |
| | Bathe |
| Breath | Breathe |
| Wreath | Wreathe |
3) Verbs derived from adjectives
We can use suffixes and prefixes to form verbs from adjectives.
Examples:
§ en- : enslave; enrage; enfeeble
§ -en : shorten; brighten
- The basic difference between inflection and derivation is in inflection does not change the word class, in derivation often change the word class.
The differences between inflection and derivation can be seen in this table:
| | Inflectional operations | Derivational operations |
| Do not change the lexical category of the word. | Often change the lexical category of the word | |
| Location | Tend to occur outside derivational affixes. | Tend to occur next to the root |
| Type of meaning | Contribute syntactically conditioned information, such as number, gender, or aspect. | Contribute lexical meaning |
| Affixes used | Occur with all or most members of a class of stems. | Are restricted to some, but not all members of a class of stems |
| Productivity | May be used to coin new words of the same type. | May eventually lose their meaning and usually cannot be used to coin new terms |
| Grounding | Create forms that are fully-grounded and able to be integrated into discourse. | Create forms that are not necessarily fully grounded and may require inflectional operations before they can be integrated into discourse |
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